A special case exists where sales by the joint venture to its parent are caused by a legal monopoly downstream of the joint venture (Case IV/M.468 - Siemens/Italtel of 17 February 1995 (paragraph 12), or where the sales to a parent company consist of by-products, which are of minor importance to the joint venture (Case IV/M.550 - Union Carbide/Enichem of 13 March 1995 (paragraph 14).

Use an appropriate volume of the filtered supernatant to fill a fill-and-draw activated sludge vessel and aerate the liquid for about 23 1/2 h. Thirty minutes after stopping aeration, discard about one third of the whole volume of supernatant and add an equal volume of a solution (pH 7) containing 0,1 % each of glucose, peptone and monopotassium ortho phosphate, to the settled material and recommence aeration.

The Member States and the Palestinian Authority shall progressively adjust, without prejudice to their commitments to the GATT where appropriate, any State monopolies of a commercial character, so as to ensure that, by 31 December 2001, no discrimination regarding the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed exists between nationals of the Member States and the Palestinian people of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

The obligation to provide non-discriminatory access to the public postal network does not mean that Member States ar required to ensure access for items of correspondence from its territory, which were conveyed by commercial companies to another State, in breach of a postal monopoly, to be introduced in the public postal network via a postal operator of that other State, for the sole purpose of taking advantage of lower postal tariffs.

'A dominant undertaking has no interest in applying such prices except that of eliminating competitors so as to enable it subsequently to raise its prices by taking advantage of its monopolistic position, since each sale generates a loss, namely the total amount of the fixed costs (that is to say, those which remain constant regardless of the quantities produced) and, at least, part of the variable costs relating to the unit produced.`

However, one Chinese exporting producer argued during the course of a hearing that imports from the PRC are not a cause of injury, because the Community industry enjoyed a near-monopoly situation before sodium cyclamate was exported from the PRC and Indonesia, the prices from the PRC increased during the period considered, the sales of the Community industry have not decreased during the same period and the Community industry maintained its dominant market share.

These will generally be horizontal restrictions such as price cartels and market-sharing quotas, or other practices which jeopardize the proper functioning of the single market, such as the partitioning of national markets and clear-cut abuse of a dominant position by undertakings holding a virtual monopoly (see Decisions 91/297/EEC, 91/298/EEC, 91/299/EEC, 91/300/EEC and 91/301/EEC (1) - Soda Ash, 94/815/EC (2) - Cement, 94/601/EC (3) - Cartonboard, 92/163/EC (4) - Tetra Pak, and 94/215/ECSC (5) - Steel beams).

Subsequently, a preliminary draft decision has to be submitted to and discussed with the Advisory Committee on Restrictive Practices and Dominant Positions composed of officials of the competent authorities of the Member States in the matter of restrictive practices and monopolies (Article 10 of Regulation No 17) and attended, where the case falls within the EEA Agreement, by representatives of the EFTA Surveillance Authority and the EFTA States which will already have received a copy of the application or notification.

The existence of exclusive rights has the effect of restricting the free movement of such equipment either as regards the importation and marketing of telecommunications equipment (including satellite equipment), because certain products are not marketed, or as regards the connection, bringing into service or maintenance because, taking into account the characteristics of the market and in particular the diversity and technical nature of the products, a monopoly has no incentive to provide these services in relation to products which it has not marketed or imported, nor to align its prices on costs, since there is no threat of competition from new entrants.

It shall also ensure the maintenance of the principles laid down in this part with regard to the exclusion of claims or exercise of sovereignty over any part of the area, the rights of States and their general conduct in relation to the area, and their participation in activities in the area in conformity with this Convention, the prevention of monopolisation of activities in the area, the use of the area exclusively for peaceful purposes, economic aspects of activities in the area, marine scientific research, transfer of technology, protection of the marine environment, protection of human life, rights of coastal States, the legal status of the waters superjacent to the area and that of the air space above those waters and accommodation between activities in the area and other activities in the marine environment.

Protocol 8 on State monopolies

State monopolies of a commercial character,

by the Governments of Liechtenstein and Switzerland on alcohol monopolies

by the Governments of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden on alcohol monopolies

Declaration by the Governments of Liechtenstein and Switzerland on alcohol monopolies;

Declaration by the Governments of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden on alcohol monopolies;

to bodies with a de jure or de facto monopoly, duly substantiated in the Commission's award decision;

the Advisory Committee on Restrictive Practices and Monopolies in the Transport Industry (Council Regulation (EEC) No 1017/68);

limitations on the number of services suppliers whether in the form of numerical quotas, monopolies, exclusive service suppliers or the requirements of an economic needs test;

limitations on the number of financial services suppliers whether in the form of numerical quotas, monopolies, exclusive service suppliers or the requirements of an economic needs test;

In all Member States (1) services considered as public utilities at a national or local level may be subject to public monopolies or to exclusive rights granted to private operators (2).

In the case of State monopolies of a commercial character, the Parties declare their readiness, as from the third year from the date of entry into force of the Agreement on Partnership and

In all EC Member States (1) services considered as public utilities at a national or local level may be subject to public monopolies or to exclusive rights granted to private operators (2).

Without prejudice to the obligations arising under the Agreement, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden recall that their alcohol monopolies are based on important health and social policy considerations.

Without prejudice to the obligations arising under the Agreement, Switzerland and Liechtenstein declare that their alcohol monopolies are based on important agricultural, health and social policy considerations.

in the case of State monopolies of a commercial character, the Parties declare their readiness, as from the fourth year from the date of entry into force of their Agreement, to ensure that there is no discrimination between nationals of the Parties regarding the conditions under which goods are procured or marketed;

The Member States and Bulgaria shall progressively adjust any State monopolies of a commercial character so as to ensure that, by the end of the fifth year following the entry into force of this Agreement, no discrimination regarding the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed exists between nationals of the Member States and of Bulgaria.

None, except that under Decreto Supremo N°5037 of 4 November 1960 of the Ministerio del Interior (Ministry of Internal Affairs) and Decreto con Fuerza de Ley N°10 of 30 January 1982 of the Ministerio de Transporte y Telecomunicaciones (Ministry of Transports and Telecommunications) or its successors, the State of Chile may exercise, through the Empresa de Correos de Chile, a monopoly on the admission, transport and delivery of postal items (objetos de correspondencia).