After two decades of drug treatment of Parkinson's disease it is evident that L-dopa and other drugs can not control tremor in a minority of patients.

b in the economic and social sectors directly under their control (public sector), to organise activities to promote the use of regional or minority languages;

Throughout the Guidelines, the term ` SOEs` refers to enterprises where the state has significant control, through full, majority, or significant minority ownership.

The Principles state that ` Minority shareholders should be protected from abusive action, by, or in the interest of, controlling shareholders acting either directly or indirectly, and should have effective means of redress` .

Member States should take the necessary steps to protect the holders of securities, in particular those with minority holdings, when control of their companies has been acquired.

1.Where a natural or legal person, as a result of his/her own acquisition or the acquisition by persons acting in concert with him/her, holds securities of a company as referred to in Article 1(1) which, added to any existing holdings of those securities of his/hers and the holdings of those securities of persons acting in concert with him/her, directly or indirectly give him/her a specified percentage of voting rights in that company, giving him/her control of that company, Member States shall ensure that such a person is required to make a bid as a means of protecting the minority shareholders of that company.

Sole control may also be acquired in the case of a 'qualified minority`.

A minority shareholder may also be deemed to have sole control on a de facto basis.

This may be the case where the minority shareholdings together provide the means for controlling the target undertaking.

In order to acquire joint control, it is not necessary for a minority shareholder to have all the veto rights mentioned above.

Where, on the basis of the number of shareholders attending the shareholders' meeting, a minority shareholder has a stable majority of the votes at this meeting, then the large minority shareholder is taken to have sole control fn.

- acquisition of a controlling interest by one or more minority shareholders (change from sole to joint control, or situation of joint control both before and after the operation),

Even in the absence of specific veto rights, two or more undertakings acquiring minority shareholdings in another undertaking may obtain joint control.

Sole control can also be exercised by a minority shareholder who has the right to manage the activities of the company and to determine its business policy.

A veto right, for example, which prevents the sale or winding- up of the joint venture does not confer joint control on the minority shareholder concerned fn.

Equity participation shall normally be for non-controlling minority holdings and shall be remunerated on the basis of the performance of the project concerned.

Control is considered generally in paragraphs 12 et seq. below. For this specific issue, minority shareholders are deemed to have control if they have previously obtained a majority of votes on major decisions at shareholders meetings.

In the absence of strong common interests such as those outlined above, the possibility of changing coalitions between minority shareholders will normally exclude the assumption of joint control.

In addition to the shareholder with sole control of the company, there may be other shareholders, for example with minority stakes, but who do not have a controlling interest in the company; these shareholders are not undertakings concerned as they do not exercise control.

Very often, the rights granted to these investors according to their shareholding may be such that control within the meaning of Article 3 of the Merger Regulation will be conferred on them and not on the management itself, which may simply enjoy minority rights.

Under the rules and general principles of private international law, where one undertaking controls another governed by a different legal system, its ensuing rights and obligations as regards the protection of minority shareholders and third parties are governed by the law governing the controlled undertaking, without prejudice to the obligations imposed on the controlling undertaking by its own law, for example the requirement to prepare consolidated accounts.

Where, on the basis of the number of shareholders attending the shareholders' meeting, a minority shareholder has a stable majority of the votes at this meeting, then the large minority shareholder is taken to have sole control (15).

acquisition of a controlling interest by one or more minority shareholders (change from sole to joint control, or situation of joint control both before and after the operation),

Where there is no stable majority in the decision-making procedure and the majority can on each occasion be any of the various combinations possible amongst the minority shareholders, it cannot be assumed that the minority shareholders will jointly control the undertaking.

A veto right, for example, which prevents the sale or winding-up of the joint venture does not confer joint control on the minority shareholder concerned (22).

It is useful to recognize all (majority and minority) links between the group head and the controlled enterprise via the network of subsidiaries and sub-subsidiaries.

For this specific issue, minority shareholders are deemed to have control if they have previously obtained a majority of votes on major decisions at shareholders meetings.

Member States should take the necessary steps to protect the holders of securities, in particular those with minority holdings, when control of their companies has been acquired.

In addition to the shareholder with sole control of the company, there may be other shareholders, for example with minority stakes, but who do not have a controlling interest in the company;

WHEREAS , FURTHERMORE , MEMBER STATES IN WHICH THE POSSIBILITY OCCURS MUST BE PERMITTED TO COVER CASES IN WHICH IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES CONTROL HAS BEEN EFFECTIVELY EXERCISED ON THE BASIS OF A MINORITY HOLDING;

1.Where a natural or legal person, as a result of his/her own acquisition or the acquisition by persons acting in concert with him/her, holds securities of a company as referred to in Article 1(1) which, added to any existing holdings of those securities of his/hers and the holdings of those securities of persons acting in concert with him/her, directly or indirectly give him/her a specified percentage of voting rights in that company, giving him/her control of that company, Member States shall ensure that such a person is required to make a bid as a means of protecting the minority shareholders of that company.