Photopic and scotopic electroretinography for assessment of retinal function

The electroretinogram demonstrates a flash-evoked potentials of the retina recorded by surface electrodes.

Toxic effects are described in chloramphenicol use (bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia) and in aminoglicoside use (necrosis of retina and conjunctiva).

Less frequent ocular manifestations of aids are opportunistic infections with other organisms, acute retinal necrosis syndrome, Kaposi's sarcoma and optic neuropathies.

The method used in our study proved of great value in the electrophysiological assessment of the retional function.

- if you suffer from chronic retinal disease,

The ERG measures electrical currents in the retina.

Bleeding in the retina (back of the eye) Ear disorders:

Retinal atrophy occurred not until 18 months of treatment.

Eye Disorders: Serous retinal detachment: frequency unknown.

It is important to identify and treat such an infection or retinal detachment as soon as possible.

Visual function Ivabradine influences on retinal function (see section 5.1).

In the wet form of AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and macula.

The mechanism of action is unknown, although the site of action is most likely to be within the retina.

Mucositis Vomiting Diarrhoea Nausea Epigastric discomfort

CMV attacks the retina of the eye and may cause loss of vision, and eventually lead to blindness.

Inflammation and swelling of the optic nerve, inflammation of the retina, ulceration of the cornea Cardiac disorders:

Rare form of retinal detachment with fluid in the retina.

- unstable angina and known hereditary retinal degenerative disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa.

Serious adverse events related to the injection procedure included endophthalmitis, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, retinal tear and iatrogenic traumatic cataract (see section 4.4).

There is a 10-fold selectivity over PDE6 which is involved in the phototransduction pathway in the retina.

Retinal degeneration, retinal disorder, retinal detachment, retinal tear, detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, retinal pigment epithelium tear, visual acuity reduced, vitreous haemorrhage, vitreous disorder, uveitis, iritis, iridocyclitis, cataract, cataract subcapsular, posterior capsule opacification, punctuate keratitis, corneal abrasion, anterior chamber flare, vision blurred, injection site haemorrhage, eye haemorrhage, conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis allergic, eye discharge, photopsia, photophobia, ocular discomfort, eyelid oedema, eyelid pain, conjunctival hyperaemia.

Treatment should be discontinued in subjects with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment or stage 3 or 4 macular holes.

It participates in the temporal resolution of the visual system, by curtailing the retinal response to bright light stimuli.

21 Uncommon side effects These may affect up to nine people in every 1000 people Affecting the eye • Cystoid macular oedema (swelling of the retina within the eye leading to worsening vision) • Inflammation within the eye • Retinal bleeding

The postulated mechanism for this change in colour discrimination is related to inhibition of PDE6, which is involved in the phototransduction cascade of the retina.

Intravitreous injections, including those with Lucentis, have been associated with endophthalmitis, intraocular inflammation, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, retinal tear and iatrogenic traumatic cataract (see section 4.8).

Eye irritation, eye pain, orbital oedema, scleral haemorrhage, retinal haemorrhage, blepharitis, macular oedema

The wet form of the disease is caused by abnormal blood vessels under the retina and the macula, which may bleed and leak fluid.

This disease affects the central part of the retina (called the macula), at the back of the eye and causes loss of vision.

Ocular side effects: Retinal or choroidal vessel non-perfusion, retinal pigment epithelial tear.

This is the abnormal growth of blood vessels under the macula, the central part of the retina (the light- sensitive membrane at the back of the eye).

Uncommon effects (0.1-1 %): Retinal detachment (non-rhegmatogenous), subretinal/ retinal haemorrhage, vitreous haemorrhage.

As with other alpha interferons, serous retinal detachment has been reported with Pegasys.

This disease affects the central part of the retina (called the macula) at the back of the eye and causes loss of ‘ straight-ahead’ vision.

One of these patients had an aortic aneurysm; the other had a retinal detachment and retinal haemorrhage, which led to discontinuation of treatment.

Retinal degeneration was not observed during the routine histopathological evaluation of the eyes in any of the toxicology studies in any species used.

Swelling of the retina at the back of the eye which can cause blurred vision (macular oedema) can be a problem for people with diabetes.

The same study also showed that, at doses of 2 mg/ kg (of salt) and higher, pramipexole was associated with retinal degeneration in albino rats.

Repeated dose toxicity studies in animals identified major target organs as the liver, retina, thyroid gland and kidney.

This disease leads to vision loss resulting from damage to the central part of the retina (called the macula), at the back of the eye.

These diseases lead to vision loss due to damage of the retina caused by ingrowth of blood vessels, called choroidal neovascularisation (CNV).

Most of the toxicity showed evidence of reversibility, except for adverse events on the male reproductive system and retinal degeneration.

When intraocular pressure is raised, it causes damage to the retina (the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye) and to the optic nerve that sends signals from the eye to the brain.

Additionally, tadalafil is approximately 700-fold more potent for PDE5 than for PDE6, an enzyme which is found in the retina and is responsible for phototransduction.

Raised intraocular pressure causes damage to the retina (the light sensitive membrane at the back of the eye) and to the optic nerve that sends signals from the eye to the brain.

Nervous system disorders: dizziness Eye disorders: allergic conjunctivitis, cataract, eyelash darkening, increased iris pigmentation, blepharospasm, eyelid retraction, retinal haemorrhage, uveitis.

Levels of ocular toxicity in normal rabbits and monkeys, particularly on the retina/ choroid, correlated with drug dose, light dose, and time of light treatment.

Raised IOP causes damage to the retina (the light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye) and to the optic nerve that sends signals from the eye to the brain.

In a study in healthy volunteers investigating the impact of voriconazole on retinal function, voriconazole caused a decrease in the electroretinogram (ERG) waveform amplitude.